mattes have no shimmer and no sheen
demi mattes are mattes that have a teeny bit of shimmer in them. They aren't completely shimmer free, so they aren't matte, but there really isn't enough shimmer in them to call them a shimmer/glitter either. They're almost matte so demi-matte.
suedes are somewhere in between a matte and a satin shadow. Matte with oomph if you will. kind of like a glow powder. They're mostly matte with a little sheen or glow added in.
satins have a kind of metallic sheen without shimmer-like the fabric. Foiling often creates a satin finish. I would say a satin is an almost even mix of matte base with sheen/pearl base.
Pearls are a lot like satins but with more sheen, let's say a pearl uses all sheen/pearl base without dilluting with any matte base.
Metallics are high-sheen satins or pearls in metal colors (silver, gold, copper)
Frosts usually have a high level of sheen/pearl base plus some ultra fine shimmer
shimmers and glimmers are glittery. The difference between the two, i'm not sure of- maybe the size of the glitter?
Morphs are fine shimmers with interference pigments. They look different depending on the way the light hits them. Most of these look plain in the jar, but really fun on skin
Highlights are sheer shades that let a lot of your skin color show through.